When exploring what common materials are used to make a toilet, it’s important to first understand how toilet materials have evolved over time. Toilets, in one form or another, have existed for thousands of years, and the choice of materials has always been influenced by availability, durability, and hygiene needs.
Ancient Civilizations
-
Indus Valley (around 2600 BC): Some of the earliest known toilets were made from baked clay bricks connected to drainage systems. While simple, they represented a huge leap in sanitation.
-
Egyptians and Mesopotamians: Used limestone and clay-based pits. These early versions were more about functionality than comfort.
Roman Empire
-
Public latrines in ancient Rome were often constructed from stone and marble slabs. These communal toilets sat above channels of flowing water that carried waste away. Marble was durable and elegant, but hygiene was still a challenge.
Middle Ages
-
Wooden toilet seats positioned over pits or rivers became common. Although cheap, wood absorbed moisture, decayed quickly, and created unpleasant odors. This period highlighted why durable and non-porous materials were necessary.
Early Modern Era
-
By the 18th and 19th centuries, with the rise of plumbing, metals like copper, cast iron, and lead were used in flushing systems. They were strong but not ideal for everyday comfort or aesthetics.
The Ceramic Revolution
-
With industrial advances, ceramic, porcelain, and vitreous china became the dominant toilet materials in the 20th century. These materials solved hygiene problems, were waterproof, easy to clean, and gave bathrooms a modern look.
Modern Developments
-
Today, when asking what common materials are used to make a toilet, most answers point to vitreous china or porcelain. However, alternative materials like stainless steel (for prisons and public toilets), plastic (for portable toilets), and even luxury marble or stone (for upscale bathrooms) still exist in niche applications.
In short, the evolution of toilet materials shows a steady shift toward durability, hygiene, and user comfort. This sets the stage for understanding why modern toilets are made from the materials we see today.
Vitreous China Toilets
When people ask what common materials are used to make a toilet, the first answer is almost always vitreous china. This material dominates the global market, and for good reason—it combines strength, hygiene, and beauty in a way that few other substances can.
What Is Vitreous China?
Vitreous china is a special type of ceramic created by firing a mixture of ball clay, china clay (kaolin), silica, and fluxing agents at very high temperatures. Once the clay body is shaped and dried, it is coated with a glassy glaze and fired again. This two-step process creates a surface that is:
- Non-porous – meaning it won’t absorb water or bacteria.
- Glossy and smooth – the hallmark shiny white finish most people associate with toilets.
- Stain-resistant – easy to clean, even after years of use.
The glaze is fused to the ceramic body during firing, making vitreous china both beautiful and extremely practical for long-term use.
Advantages of Vitreous China Toilets
Vitreous china is the gold standard for household toilets because it offers:
- Durability: Hard and resistant to everyday wear, scratches, and chemicals.
- Hygiene: The ultra-smooth surface leaves no room for germs to hide.
- Easy Maintenance: Simple cleaning with mild detergents keeps it spotless.
- Classic Look: A glossy white toilet looks modern and clean in almost any bathroom design.
- Affordability: Available in a wide range of price points to fit most budgets.
Disadvantages
No material is perfect, and vitreous china has its limitations:
- Weight: Toilets made from this material are heavy and not easy to transport or install.
- Breakability: Though durable, a very strong impact can still crack or chip the surface.
Why It’s So Popular
The balance of affordability, aesthetics, and performance makes vitreous china the most widely used toilet material worldwide. In fact, when you step into a modern home or hotel bathroom, chances are the toilet is made of vitreous china.
In the broader discussion of what common materials are used to make a toilet, vitreous china stands as the timeless favorite because it is sanitary, reliable, and designed to last for decades.
Porcelain Toilets
When examining what common materials are used to make a toilet, another leading option—often confused with vitreous china—is porcelain. While both are ceramic-based, porcelain toilets have their own unique properties that make them especially popular in modern bathrooms.
What Is Porcelain?
Porcelain is a refined, high-grade type of ceramic made primarily from kaolin clay, quartz, and feldspar. It is fired at extremely high temperatures (often exceeding 1,200°C), which produces a material that is:
- Denser than ordinary ceramics
- Less porous, meaning it absorbs almost no water
- Stronger and more resistant to daily wear
The high-temperature firing not only hardens the material but also creates a naturally smooth finish, which is often coated with glaze for extra shine and protection.
Advantages of Porcelain Toilets
Porcelain toilets are a step up from standard ceramics and are prized for several qualities:
- Durability: More resistant to cracks, chips, and scratches than cheaper ceramics.
- Moisture Resistance: Minimal water absorption keeps bacteria, stains, and odors from developing.
- Hygiene: Smooth and hard surfaces make it easy to disinfect.
- Longevity: A porcelain toilet can last several decades with proper care.
- Aesthetic Appeal: The natural whiteness of porcelain creates a polished, luxurious look.
Disadvantages of Porcelain Toilets
- Cost: More expensive compared to basic ceramic toilets.
- Design Limitations: Most models are white and traditional in style, with fewer color variations than plastic or resin alternatives.
- Weight: Like vitreous china, porcelain is heavy and requires careful handling during installation.
Why Homeowners Prefer Porcelain
Porcelain strikes the right balance between luxury and practicality. It is dense enough to last a lifetime yet elegant enough to suit both residential and commercial bathrooms. That’s why when homeowners or builders ask what common materials are used to make a toilet, porcelain often comes up as the go-to material for reliability, hygiene, and timeless appearance.
Alternative Toilet Materials
When considering what common materials are used to make a toilet, most people immediately think of porcelain or vitreous china. However, these aren’t the only options. Over the years, several other materials have been used, either for specialized purposes or in niche markets. Let’s explore the alternatives.
1. Standard Ceramic Toilets
Ceramic is often confused with porcelain, but there is a difference. Regular ceramic toilets are made from less refined clay and fired at lower temperatures.
- Pros: Affordable, lightweight, and widely available.
- Cons: More porous and less durable than porcelain or vitreous china, meaning stains and odors can be an issue over time.
- Best Use: Budget bathrooms or temporary housing where cost is the primary factor.
2. Stainless Steel Toilets
Stainless steel may not be what comes to mind when thinking about what common materials are used to make a toilet, but it serves a critical role in specific environments.
- Pros: Incredibly strong, nearly unbreakable, and resistant to vandalism. Easy to clean with industrial-grade disinfectants.
- Cons: Cold to the touch, lacks aesthetic warmth, and gives off an industrial or institutional look.
- Best Use: Prisons, airports, roadside rest areas, and military facilities.
Comparison– Vitreous China Vs. Ceramic Vs. Porcelain
3. Plastic Toilets
Plastic toilets are far less common in homes but remain practical in temporary or mobile situations.
- Pros: Lightweight, portable, inexpensive, and easy to transport.
- Cons: Prone to cracking, difficult to sanitize long-term, and lacks the durability of ceramics or steel.
- Best Use: Camping, RVs, portable outdoor toilets, and construction sites.
4. Wooden Toilets (Historical Use)
Before ceramics dominated, wood was a common choice. Wooden toilets were coated with wax or resins to resist water.
- Pros: Initially cheaper and easier to construct. Warm to sit on compared to stone or steel.
- Cons: Highly absorbent, prone to rot, odors, and decay. Poor hygiene made them obsolete.
- Best Use: Largely historical—rarely seen today except in rustic or experimental designs.
5. Stone or Marble Toilets
Stone and marble are luxury materials occasionally used in upscale or designer bathrooms.
- Pros: Strong, visually stunning, and highly unique. Marble especially gives a premium, luxurious appearance.
- Cons: Extremely heavy, expensive, and not practical for mass production. Difficult to maintain as natural stone can absorb stains.
- Best Use: Custom luxury installations, hotels, or heritage mansions.
Why Alternatives Exist
While porcelain and vitreous china remain the champions, these alternatives answer the question of what common materials are used to make a toilet in environments where durability, portability, or luxury are the top priorities.
What Are Toilet Seats Made Of?
When asking what common materials are used to make a toilet, most people think only about the bowl and tank. However, the toilet seat and lid are just as important. These components affect comfort, style, and overall bathroom experience. Interestingly, toilet seats are made from a wider variety of materials than the toilet itself.
Plastic Toilet Seats
Plastic remains the most common choice worldwide because it is affordable, durable, and versatile.
- Thermoplastic: Lightweight and budget-friendly, often used in standard toilet seats. Easy to clean but can feel flimsy.
- Thermoset (urea-formaldehyde): Harder and scratch-resistant, with a glossy surface that mimics ceramic. These seats are stronger than thermoplastic options.
- Resin: Allows creative designs, patterns, and transparency. Resin seats are often chosen for decorative bathrooms.
Pros: Inexpensive, widely available, easy to clean, and available in many colors.
Cons: Can feel cold to the touch and less durable than wood or premium options.
Wooden Toilet Seats
Wooden seats offer a warmer, more natural feel compared to plastic.
- MDF (Medium Density Fiberboard): A budget-friendly option coated with paint or laminate.
- Solid Wood (oak, walnut, bamboo, etc.): Provides strength, comfort, and a luxury look. Often coated with polyurethane or wax for water resistance.
Pros: Comfortable in cold weather, stylish, and adds a premium touch.
Cons: Requires more care, prone to swelling or damage if exposed to moisture long-term.
Composite Materials (Melamine + Wood Flour)
Some toilet seats are made from a mixture of melamine resin and wood flour (commonly from birch or maple).
- Pros: Durable, resistant to scratches, and more eco-friendly than plastic.
- Cons: Limited availability and slightly more expensive than standard plastic seats.
Modern Features in Toilet Seats
When discussing what common materials are used to make a toilet, it’s worth noting how seats have evolved beyond basic materials:
- Soft-Close Technology: Prevents slamming by using hydraulic hinges.
- Heated Seats: Found in premium toilets, often paired with bidet features.
- Antimicrobial Coatings: Provide extra hygiene by reducing bacterial buildup.
Final Recommendation
After exploring history, common options, and alternatives, we can confidently answer the big question: what common materials are used to make a toilet? The most widely used materials are vitreous china and porcelain, followed by ceramic, steel, plastic, and a few niche options like wood or marble. Each material has unique advantages, but your choice depends on where the toilet will be used and what qualities you value most.
My Recommendation
For most homes, porcelain or vitreous china toilets are the best option. Here’s why:
- They are durable, lasting for decades with minimal maintenance.
- Their non-porous glazed surface makes them easy to clean and resistant to stains.
- They are widely available, with countless styles, designs, and price ranges.
- Their classic white finish suits any bathroom décor.
If you’re furnishing a prison, public restroom, or high-security space, stainless steel is the strongest option. For portable situations like camping or RVs, lightweight plastic is the practical choice. Luxury seekers may consider marble or custom stone designs, but those are rare and expensive.
In short, porcelain and vitreous china remain the gold standards, balancing hygiene, beauty, and long-term value.
FAQs: What Common Materials Are Used to Make a Toilet?
1. What materials are airplane toilets made of?
Airplane toilets are usually constructed with plastic and stainless steel. These materials keep the toilet lightweight, durable, and easy to clean in confined spaces.
2. Why are porcelain toilets so popular in homes?
Porcelain is waterproof, stain-resistant, and stronger than standard ceramic. It is also unaffected by temperature changes, making it reliable in any climate.
3. Can I clean my porcelain or ceramic toilet with bleach?
Yes. Both materials are waterproof and resistant to most cleaning chemicals. Just avoid harsh scrubbing pads that could damage the glaze.
4. Are wooden toilet seats practical?
Yes, if properly coated. Wooden seats feel warm and luxurious, especially in winter. However, they require extra care compared to plastic.
5. Is stainless steel a good option for households?
Not usually. While steel toilets are strong, they feel cold, look industrial, and are better suited for prisons or public spaces.
6. Are plastic toilets durable enough for everyday use?
No. Plastic toilets are best for temporary setups such as camping, outdoor events, or RVs. They lack the strength and longevity of ceramic or porcelain.
7. What is the difference between vitreous china and porcelain?
Both are ceramic-based, but porcelain is denser, less porous, and slightly stronger. Vitreous china is a ceramic coated with a glaze that provides similar durability and stain resistance.
Conclusion
So, what common materials are used to make a toilet? From the dominance of porcelain and vitreous china to specialized uses of steel, plastic, wood, and stone, toilets have evolved into highly functional, hygienic, and long-lasting bathroom essentials.
If you’re renovating your bathroom, porcelain or vitreous china is your safest bet—they’re durable, sanitary, and timeless. But knowing about alternatives helps you appreciate why certain materials are chosen for specific environments.
A toilet isn’t just a fixture—it’s an everyday essential. Choosing the right material ensures comfort, hygiene, and peace of mind for years to come.
Hi, this is Robert Crossan, the owner of this website, has 17 years of experience in the installation, maintenance, and repair of toilets and plumbing systems. After completing the Level 2 Basic Plumbing course in 2005, I started working in both domestic and commercial buildings as a professional plumber. So I can figure out the core difference between different toilet models and brands. It also helped me monitor their work performance and setbacks.